A brain tumor forms when the cells present in the brain start dividing uncontrollably and form a mass. These masses or tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (non-malignant). These can form primarily in the brain (primary tumors) or spread to the brain from other body parts (secondary tumors). Both benign and malignant tumors can lead to increased pressure in the skull and disruptions in brain functions, which can lead to various health complications.
The incidence of brain tumors is relatively low compared to other forms of tumors. Nevertheless, these cannot be ignored. It can be seen in both adults and children.
In India, brain-related tumors affect 5–10 out of 1,00,000 people.
While some tumors that form in the brain are not dangerous and can be treated effectively, others can be aggressive in their growth rate and progression and pose a danger to patients’ health. Early diagnosis and timely treatment support the effective management of this condition.
The terms "brain tumor" and "brain cancer" are often used synonymously. However, they are not quite the same. Brain tumors refer to both benign and malignant growths inside the brain, whereas brain cancers only refer to malignant growths that tend to spread to other body parts.
Brain tumors can be benign or malignant, which are further classified into different types, depending on their origin. The following are the different types of brain tumors:
Benign tumors of the brain tend to grow slowly, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. They cause complications by compressing specific regions of the brain. The following are the different types of brain tumors that are benign in nature:
Commonly occurring at the base of the skull or spine, chordomas arise from the notochord remains. Chordoma is also referred to as notochordal sarcoma. Chordomas are one of the most common types of brain tumors in adults.
Typically seen among children, craniopharyngiomas form near the pituitary gland. mbtscrollThese tumors lead to hormonal imbalances and vision-related problems in patients.
As the name says, meningiomas form in the meninges, the protective layers that sheath the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas have a slow growth rate and can grow in any part of the brain.
These benign tumors form in the pituitary gland and can lead to hormonal imbalances and disruptions in bodily functions. This is one of the brain tumor types that can lead to various brain tumor symptoms in women, such as hormonal imbalance, disruption in menstrual cycles, etc.
Glomus jugulare tumors are extremely rare. They commonly form in the bone of the skull base. These tumors can affect the blood vessels, nerves, upper neck, ears, and skull base.
Gangliocytomas are rare and form in the temporal lobes of the brain, affecting the central nervous system. These tumors comprise mature neurons.
Pinecytomas originate from the pineal gland cells. Pineocytomas can lead to hormonal imbalances, disrupted sleep-wake cycles, and vision problems.
Schwannomas arise from Schwann cells, which are responsible for myelin (the protective covering of nerves) production. Schwannomas are more common in adults.
These refer to those tumors that grow at a faster rate and tend to spread to other parts of the body. The most common types of brain cancer tumors include:
Gliomas arise from glial cells, which are responsible for the protection of nerve cells (neurons). Glioma is the most common brain tumor in adults.
Based on the type of cells that they originate from, these brain cancer tumors are further classified. The following are different types of glioma:
This type of glioma arises from astrocytes, which are responsible for several metabolic and structural tasks within the nervous system. High-grade astrocytomas, also known as glioblastoma multiforme, are considered one of the worst types of brain cancer.
This type of glioma arises from the oligodendrocytes that are responsible for myelin production. They tend to grow at a slower rate.
Ependymomas, which can occur both in adults and children, form in the ependymal cells that sheath the brain ventricles and spinal canal.
As the name says, brain stem gliomas form in the brain stem. This type of brain cancer is predominantly seen in children and is often difficult to treat. It also has a poor prognosis.
Hemangioblastomas are rare and form in the brain or spinal cord. Hemangioblastomas are often associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, a genetic condition. This is one of the most common types of brain tumor in adults.
Rhabdoid tumors primarily arise from the cerebellum and brainstem; nevertheless, they can form in any part of the brain and spinal cord. Often seen in children, rhabdoid tumors are aggressive.
Certain tumors of the brain are more common among children and will often demand specialized care. Some of the common types of pediatric brain tumors include medulloblastomas, gliomas, ependymomas, and others.
Both benign and malignant brain tumors show symptoms; however, they can be mild in the early stages, and therefore, often go unnoticed. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become apparent. The signs and symptoms of brain tumors may vary depending on the type of tumor. In some cases, patients experience some early symptoms of brain tumors, which can lead to early diagnosis and timely treatment.
The following are the important signs and symptoms of brain tumors:
Patients often experience persistent headaches or headaches that worsen over time. These headaches often come along with nausea and vomiting. This is one of the early symptoms of a brain tumor.
Tumors forming in the brain can also lead to seizures wherein uncontrolled electrical activity is observed in the brain. Seizures are characterized by convulsions and abnormal body movements. Seizures are also one of brain tumor’s early symptoms.
Patients with brain tumors also experience paralysis or weakness in one side of the body. This happens when the tumor exerts pressure on the areas that control muscle movements.
Brain tumor patients often experience light-headedness and spinning sensations or feel unsteady.
Vision-related problems are also one of the early symptoms of a brain tumor. Patients experience double vision, blurred vision, and peripheral vision loss. Vision-related problems result from the tumor’s pressure on the optic nerves or areas responsible for visual processing.
Patients with brain tumors close to the auditory nerves, can experience hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and other issues related to hearing.
Numbness in the face or a tingling sensation on one side of the face is also one of the common brain tumor or brain cancer symptoms.
Patients with brain tumors also experience nausea and vomiting, which may or may not be associated with headaches. This is one of the most observed signs of brain tumors.
Sudden mood changes, such as irritability, sadness, lack of motivation, or aggression, could also be a symptom of brain tumors.
These are some of the most commonly observed signs and symptoms of brain tumors in children, teenagers, and adults.
Tumors present in the frontal lobe of the brain exhibit:
Tumors forming in the parietal lobe present with:
Occipital lobe tumors present with the following symptoms:
Temporal lobe tumors can cause:
Brainstem tumors can present with:
Since pituitary glands are responsible for hormone regulation, tumors that arise from pituitary glands may lead to specific brain tumor symptoms in women.
Hormonal imbalances that cause changes in the menstrual cycle, changes in weight management, sexual dysfunction, growth abnormalities, excessive sweating, thirst, and urination.
We have little information on what exactly causes brain tumors or brain cancer. However, if we are to wonder what causes brain tumors, researchers have found that certain factors can increase the risk of brain tumors.
Certain genetic conditions
Radiation exposure
Gender
Exposure to infections, viruses, and allergens
Home and work exposures
Race and ethnicity
Family history of brain tumors
Age
Head injuries and seizures
Electromagnetic fields
These risk factors or possible reasons for brain cancer only increase the chances of a brain tumor or brain cancer diagnosis. Those with the above-mentioned risk factors can be categorized as high-risk individuals, and they should consider talking to a doctor to get a better understanding of the degree of risk they carry and learn the best measures that can help them reduce their brain tumor or brain cancer risk.
Brain tumors are the most common type of solid tumors diagnosed among teenagers. The causes of brain tumors in teenagers may vary, and in most cases, the exact cause is unknown. Also, in the majority of pediatric brain tumor cases, identifiable risk factors are not found, indicating that there could be some undiscovered factors that could serve as potential causes of brain tumors in teenagers. More research is needed to understand the complex etiology of brain tumors in teenagers.
It is easy for brain tumor symptoms to be ignored in children and teenagers as they are always active, and therefore, it is important to pay extra attention when they are not normal. Some of the most common brain tumor symptoms in teenagers include headaches, nausea and vomiting, seizures, dizziness and drowsiness, challenges with vision, hearing, and speech, personality changes, and challenges with balance and coordination.
When one has a high risk of developing brain tumors or is experiencing the signs and symptoms of brain tumors or cancer, it is important to see a doctor.
Our specialists use a wide range of tests for the detection and diagnosis of brain tumors. These tests help our specialists arrive at a definitive diagnosis, which is important for appropriate treatment planning. The following are some of the important diagnostic tests used in the diagnosis of brain tumors:
Neurological exams involve the assessment of brain functions, reflexes, coordination, and mental status. A neurological exam helps doctors find out if there are any anomalies in the functioning of the nervous system.
A CT (computed tomography) scan creates detailed images of the internal brain structures using X-ray beams.
MRI is an imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the internal structures of the brain. A brain MRI is helpful in determining the exact location of the tumor, its size, and other tumor-specific parameters.
A PET scan is another important imaging technique that is helpful in brain tumor or brain cancer diagnosis. During this procedure, a radioactive tracer is injected into the body, and during the scan, the technologists will look for those areas in the brain that have high metabolic activities, which appear as bright spots.
Also known as a biopsy, this procedure involves obtaining a tissue sample from the suspected area of the brain for analysis.
The tissue obtained from the biopsy is examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. This analysis provides critical information, such as the tumor type, its stage, its grade, and its genetic properties, which are crucial for planning personalized treatment. In other words, biopsies play a crucial role in helping specialists arrive at a conclusive diagnosis.
Based on the information obtained through various diagnostic tests, brain tumor specialists plan customized treatment plans. Treatment plans are made based on multiple parameters, namely the type of brain tumor, its stage, its grade, its exact location, the patient’s age, and the patient's overall health status.
Brain tumor surgery refers to the surgical removal of the tumor present in the brain along with a small portion of healthy tissue that surrounds it. Depending on the location, stage, and type, the following are the different brain surgery types available for brain tumor treatment:
Also referred to as a craniotomy, this procedure involves accessing the tumor and removing it by cutting open a section of the skull.
This procedure is minimally invasive, wherein the surgical instruments, along with a camera and light source, are sent to the brain through tiny incisions or natural openings, like the nostrils. This procedure benefits patients with reduced blood loss and pain, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, and fewer treatment-related complications.
Administering radiation therapy or radiotherapy for brain tumors is another way of effectively managing these tumors. This treatment involves targeting brain tumors with high-intensity radiation beams to destroy cancer cells. The following are the important radiotherapy procedures recommended for brain tumor or brain cancer treatment:
This procedure involves targeting the tumor with an external radiation source, a linear accelerator, or LINAC. Radiosurgery is a non-invasive procedure that precisely targets cancer cells and destroys them.
CyberKnife is a non-invasive brain tumor treatment that is recommended for both benign and malignant brain tumors. CyberKnife facilitates more effective and safer radiosurgery solutions and positively impacts the recovery rate among patients.
Brachytherapy, or internal beam radiation therapy, involves placing a radiation source inside or very close to the tumor. The radiation beams emitted from this radiation source, which could be in the form of pellets (seeds), destroy cancer cells. The biggest advantage of administering this form of radiotherapy for brain tumors is that it significantly limits the damage to the healthy tissues close to the tumor.
Chemotherapy falls under the systemic therapy category, wherein cancer specialists administer medications for brain tumor management. Chemotherapy involves administering powerful drugs that travel throughout the body to find and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy for brain tumors can be administered orally or intravenously.
Targeted therapy is a systemic therapy that precisely targets cancer cells based on their structural, molecular, or genetic properties and destroys them through multiple mechanisms. One of the biggest advantages of targeted therapy is that it limits damage to healthy tissues and therefore comes with fewer side effects.
Rehabilitation is necessary for patients who have undergone brain tumor treatment, as it helps them recover and return to their normal lives at a faster rate.
Physical therapy focuses on restoring physical functions and enhancing mobility and overall strength.
Occupational therapy helps patients return to their normal lives and perform daily activities without depending on their caregivers. Occupational therapists devise personalized rehabilitation strategies to help patients return to the best state of health possible.
At times, certain brain tumors or their treatment can lead to speech impairment in patients. Undergoing speech therapy after brain tumor or brain cancer treatment can help patients regain their speech and swallowing abilities.
Pediatric brain tumor patients may find it challenging to attend school during their treatment. Therefore, opting for tutoring services can be helpful for these patients.
Brain cancer specialists devise treatment plans for brain tumors and brain cancer based on their type. This approach plays a significant role in ensuring that patients receive effective treatment for their condition:
Oligodendroglioma is a rare type of brain tumor, and it can be both benign and malignant. Oligodendrogliomas are often treated with radiation therapy, surgery, and chemotherapy.
Treatment plans for astrocytoma are devised based on the grade and location of the tumor and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy.
This is an aggressive form of brain tumor. A thorough assessment is done before planning treatment for glioblastomas, and the different treatment options available for glioblastomas include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.
Researchers have identified factors that can contribute to the increased risk of brain tumors. However, having these risk factors does not necessarily mean that one will develop a brain tumor. It only means that having these risk factors makes one more likely to be diagnosed with a brain tumor. The following are some of the most important brain tumor or brain cancer risk factors:
The risk of brain tumors can increase when an individual is exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation. Radiation exposure caused by previous medical treatments or occupational requirements can increase one’s brain tumor risk.
Certain inherited genetic conditions can increase the risk of brain tumors. Li-Fraumeni syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease, Turcot syndrome, neurofibromatosis, and tuberous sclerosis are some of the important genetic conditions that can increase the risk of brain tumors.
Age is an important brain tumor risk factor. The risk of brain tumors increases with age. Nonetheless, all age groups carry a certain degree of brain tumor risk.
Some brain tumor types are more common among men, while others are more prevalent among women. Reports suggest that the risk of malignant primary brain tumors is relatively high among men. Non-malignant primary brain tumors, on the other hand, are more common among women.
There is limited information on how environmental exposure contributes to brain tumor risk. However, researchers suggest that prolonged exposure to hazardous chemicals at home and in the workplace, especially pesticides, fertilizers, oil products, solvents, industrial pollutants, rubber, and more, is one of the important brain tumor or brain cancer risk factors.
A few studies have found that infections caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and exposure to certain allergens may increase one’s risk of developing brain tumors. However, more studies are needed in this area.
Presently, there is no sufficient data on how electromagnetic fields, such as those created by mobile phones and power lines, can contribute to the risk of brain tumor development. A couple of studies have found that increased use of mobile phones can lead to gliomas, the most common form of brain tumor. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to study the actual relationship between EMFs and brain tumor risk.
The incidence of malignant brain tumors is high among whites when compared to blacks. The incidence of non-malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, is higher among blacks than whites. Overall, Asians have a relatively lower risk of developing malignant brain tumors, when compared to other ethnicities.
A few studies have reported that having a history of head injuries and seizures can increase the risk of brain cancer in some individuals.
Having a family member, like a parent or sibling, with a history of brain tumors can increase one’s risk of brain tumors.
The definitive link between N-nitroso compounds and their tendency to increase brain tumor risk is not properly established yet. However, some studies have found that the N-nitroso compounds are carcinogenic and can increase the risk of benign and malignant brain tumors. These were some of the important brain tumor risk factors. Those who identify with these risk factors should consider consulting with their doctor to understand the degree of risk they carry and follow appropriate measures to protect themselves against brain tumors.
Doctors are often visited by patients who want to learn how to avoid brain tumors or different ways to prevent brain cancer. It is important to know that there are no sure-fire ways to prevent brain tumors or brain cancer yet. However, with the right measures, it is possible to reduce their risk.
Having a proper sleep schedule is important for one’s overall well-being. Also, sleep is important for the body’s rejuvenation and restoration. Sleep helps the body repair cell damage and revitalize itself. This way, sleep plays a pivotal role in reducing the risk of various health conditions, including cancer.
There is no direct connection between frankincense oil and its role in reducing brain tumor risk. However, boswellic acid, present in frankincense oil, is found to be helpful in reducing inflammation. Many studies have shown that chronic inflammation is a risk factor for multiple health conditions, including cancer. Therefore, the use of frankincense oil may potentially lower the risk of brain tumors by reducing inflammation. A few studies have also reported on the anti-tumor properties of frankincense oil. Frankincense oil is also found to kill cancer cells without causing damage to healthy cells, according to a few studies.
Having a balanced diet that is rich in macronutrients and micronutrients supports overall well-being. However, when it comes to brain tumor prevention, there is not sufficient evidence on specific foods or diets that can prevent brain cancer.
Some studies have shown that restricting calorie intake while maintaining proper nutrition, may bring down the risk of certain cancers by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and promoting healthy cell regulation. However, much research is needed to understand the impact of calorie restriction on brain cancer prevention.
While there is limited evidence on how exposure to mobile phones, or electromagnetic fields in general, can increase one’s brain tumor risk, some studies do suggest that prolonged exposure to EMF can increase the risk of gliomas. That said, avoiding prolonged exposure to mobile phones can help reduce the potential risk of brain tumors.
Tobacco consumption is the biggest risk factor for a wide array of cancers. Presently, there is limited information on how tobacco can cause brain tumors or how quitting it can prevent brain cancer. Nonetheless, quitting tobacco can have a positive impact on overall health and reduce the risk of various medical conditions.
Frequent exposure to harmful radiation because of regular imaging scans or occupational requirements can contribute to one’s increased risk of brain tumors. If regular imaging scans or radiation treatment is inevitable, it is important to follow appropriate safety measures during the procedures in order to minimize unnecessary exposure to radiation. Those were some of the potential ways to prevent brain tumors and brain cancer. That said, these measures only reduce the risk of brain tumors and brain cancer and do not eliminate their risk completely.