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Head and Neck Cancer: Risk Factors, Symptoms and Cancer Awareness

30 Apr, 2025

This article is medically reviewed by Dr. Shilpi Agrawal, Consultant - Head and Neck Oncosurgery, HCG Cancer Centre, Borivali.

Table of Contents

What is Head & Neck Cancer?

Head and neck cancer is a term used to describe different types of cancer that start in the cells of the mouth, throat, or skin lining the moist parts of the body.

Head and neck cancer is the collective term given to malignant tumors found in the lips, mouth, tonsils, base of the tongue, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal cavities, nasopharynx, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and salivary glands.

Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Early detection of head and neck cancer is crucial for effective treatment and improved survival rates.

What is Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month?

Head and neck cancer awareness month is observed during April every year to spread awareness about the disease, its symptoms, risk factors, and available treatments.

This practice also encourages early identification and routine checkups for head and neck cancer prevention.

Many healthcare organizations, NGOs, and other healthcare bodies organize educational workshops and cancer screening camps as part of head and neck cancer observance.

What is the Theme of Head and Neck Cancer?

There is no specific theme for the 2025 head and neck awareness observance.

Every year, doctors, head and neck cancer associations, NGOs, advocates, survivors, patients, and the general public observe head and neck cancer awareness to shed light on various key and unique aspects of head and neck cancer.

Head and neck cancer initiatives primarily focus on educating the masses on cancer preventive strategies, the importance of early detection, treatment options for head and neck cancer, andsurvivorship guidance.
Dr. Shilpi Agrawal

What is the Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Ribbon?

The head and neck cancer awareness ribbon is burgundy and ivory. This ribbon represents resistance to the sickness; it is put on as a mark of respect for the victims and also to show support for the awareness program.

It is often used during head and neck cancer awareness week in India and other global observances.

How Frequently Does Head and Neck Cancer Occur?

The World Health Organization (WHO) says that head and neck cancer accounts for approximately 4% of the global cancer cases.

India accounts for 30-40% of head and neck cancer cases across the world, as there are common hazards such as smoke and smokeless tobacco, alcohol consumption, and HPV infection are on the rise.

It mostly occurs among males and individuals who are above 50.

What are the Warning Symptoms of Head And Neck Cancer?

Identifying the early signs of head and neck cancer is crucial. Commonly observed head and neck cancer symptoms include:

  • A lump or sore that does not heal
  • Persistent sore throat
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Change or hoarseness in the voice
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Ear pain
  • White or red patches in the mouth
  • Nasal congestion or frequent nosebleeds

If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider immediately.

Watch this video as one of the specialists from our HCG network briefly explains the key aspects of head and neck cancer:

What are the Risk Factors Associated with Head and Neck Cancer?

Several lifestyle and environmental factors contribute to the development of head and neck cancer:

What are Some Ways to Support Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month?

Here are various ways you can support the observance of head and neck cancer awareness month:

  • Participate in local awareness events or runs
  • Wear the head and neck cancer awareness ribbon.
  • Share educational content on social media.
  • Consider attending free cancer screening camps with your family and friends.
  • Donate to cancer research foundations.
  • Encourage loved ones not to engage in/to quit smoking or drinking.

Clinical Research on HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancer: Key Findings

Recent clinical studies have shown that there is a rise in cases of head and neck cancer caused by HPV, especially in developed countries.

This type of cancer is now more common among young non-smokers/non-alcoholics.

According to the studies:

  • HPV-positive cancers respond better to chemotherapy and radiation.
  • The overall survival rate is higher.
  • Personalized treatment plans offer promising outcomes.
  • Ongoing trials aim to reduce treatment intensity for HPV-positive cases without compromising effectiveness.

How Can I Reduce My Risk of Developing Head and Neck Cancers?

Here are practical steps to aid in head and neck cancer prevention:

  • Avoid tobacco and limit alcohol consumption.
  • Practice safe sex to reduce HPV transmission.
  • Maintain proper oral hygiene.
  • Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
  • Get vaccinated against HPV.
  • Undergo regular dental and medical checkups.

Be aware of the early signs of head and neck cancer and see a doctor if you experience any oral symptoms for more than two weeks.

Head and Neck Cancer Care at HCG

At HCG, a leading hospital for cancer treatment in India, we have embraced a multidisciplinary, personalized, and patient-focused approach to treating and managing head and neck cancers. We employ high-end diagnostic and treatment facilities and other oncology services to help our patients receive better quality care and support throughout their treatment journey.

At HCG, we prioritize the overall well-being of our patients, and therefore, we also offer allied services, such as speech and swallowing therapy, nutritional counseling, physiotherapy, and more, to help the patient recuperate better.

Conclusion

Head and neck cancer is a significant public health concern, especially in regions like India. Spreading awareness during head and neck cancer awareness month and head and neck cancer awareness week in India can lead to earlier diagnoses, better treatment outcomes, and increased support for those affected.

Recognizing early signs of head and neck cancer, understanding the risk factors, and taking preventive steps are vital. By supporting education, research, and advocacy, we can collectively reduce the burden of this disease.

Frequently Asked Questions

The ribbon for head and neck cancer comprises two colors: burgundy and ivory.

These colors represent care and knowledge, as well as fighting for the rights of people diagnosed with cancers that fall under this category.

In India, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month is observed in April.

This is in line with worldwide attempts to make people know about the disease, detect it as soon as possible, and advise on preventing healthcare practices.

Yes, it is possible to treat head and neck cancer, especially when detected early.

The treatment options available for head and neck cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Early detection and timely interventions are crucial for effective management.

No cancer is 100% preventable.

However, with the right preventive strategies, you can reduce the risk of head and neck cancer, and these include quitting tobacco, moderate alcohol consumption, HPV vaccination, and good oral hygiene.

Awareness and lifestyle changes greatly reduce the risk of head and neck cancer.

Individuals who consume tobacco (smoking and smokeless), drink alcohol excessively, chew betel nuts, and have chronic HPV and EBV infections have a higher risk of developing this cancer.

Additionally, men aged 50 and above have a higher risk when compared to younger population groups.

The average five-year survival rate for head and neck cancer is approximately 60-65%.

The survival rates for head and neck cancer depend on various factors, including the stage at which the disease was diagnosed and treated, the patient’s age, their overall health condition, their underlying health conditions (if any), and the treatment response they show.

The HPV vaccine can prevent some head and neck cancers, like oropharyngeal cancer caused by HPV-16.

Vaccination is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus.

TIn India, the head and neck cancer awareness week takes place during the first week of April each year.

Certain strains of HPV, particularly type 16, can invade the epithelial cells that line the back of the mouth and throat. Infection that remains for a long time results in alterations at the cellular level, including mutations; this, in turn, can increase the risk of cancer formation.

Yes, there are multiple treatment options for H&N cancers depending on the stage of their presentation. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, which involves the removal of the tumor or the affected organ. Post-surgical reconstruction through plastic surgery may be recommended to improve the functional and cosmetic outcome in these cases. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are non-surgical approaches.

References

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